1986 was a watershed year in comics history. Out with the old (R.I.P.
Gardner Fox, pre-
Crisis Superman / Batman) and in with the new (John Byrne's
Man of Steel, Frank Miller's
The Dark Knight Returns.) And let's not forget the publication of
Watchmen and
Maus, still among the industry's most critically acclaimed achievements.
Meanwhile over at Marvel:
"The biggest news for Marvel in 1986 was that the company was sold
from Cadence Industries to New World Pictures (...) for $45.5 million in
cash. Cadence's shareholders received $17 per share, less than half of
the stock's actual value at the time. The sale netted large profits for
Cadence's executives, but the sale cost many of the rank-and-file
employees at Marvel significant amounts of money. The executives cleaned
out the pension fund, diminished health coverage, and even threatened
to reduce the company's generous and revolutionary royalties plan - all
in an attempt to decrease the company's costs and increase their
personal wealth.
Marvel was extremely profitable in
the mid-1980s, dramatically increasing their already huge market share
and expanding the merchandising of its characters. However, the
conditions around the sale to New World contributed to a general sense
of malaise for employees at the company. There was a sense that upper
management didn't care about the company's ordinary staffers."
That's from Keith Dallas's
American Comic Book Chronicles - the 1980s. For more on the Cadence Caper, check out Jim Shooter's
blog entry on the subject.
I'm sure that the parallels between this description of what Marvel's executives were doing and the plot of the company's big cross-over event of the year (i.e. the Mutant Massacre, where for three months ruthless assassins hired by a shadowy unknown ("Mister Sinister") went on a rampage through the sewers to indiscriminately slash and slaughter the community of mostly defenseless Morlocks (outcast mutants) who lived there, while the company's biggest moneymakers (the X-Men) were forced into desperate reaction mode) are a complete coincidence. Nevertheless, it's interesting from an "
As Above, So Below" sort of way.
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| Original ad for the event. Either I'm flow-chart-illiterate, or this is design confusion incarnate. |
The official big event of Marvel's publishing calendar in '86 was the launch of the
New Universe. But sales and fan reactions were both disappointing; it would limp along until finally put out of its misery a few years later. The actual big event, though, was the return of Jean Grey, aka the original Marvel Girl, who was - I'm sure I don't have to tell
you - killed at the end of the Dark Phoenix saga six years before.
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| It was not the first (nor would it be the last) time Jean Grey died or came back to life. |
From
The Comic Book Heroes, an oft-inaccurate but compulsively readable history of comics by Will Jacobs and Gerard Ryan:
"Chris Claremont (writer) and Dave Cockrum (artist) needed a big event for issue 100. (Aug 1976) They decided it
would be the death of Jean Grey, the former Marvel Girl. Two months
later, in the next issue - for X-Men was still a low-selling title,
published only bi-monthly - she turned out not to have been permanently
killed by the solar storm that she flew her spacecraft through but to
have been filled with a power that enabled her to resurrect herself.
"Hear me, X-Men!" she declaims. "No longer am I the woman you knew! I am
fire! I am life incarnate! Now and forever... I AM PHOENIX!"
Readers of any of the X-titles of the 80s would have plenty of opportunity to see that speech again, as practically every female character Claremont wrote uttered some variation of those words, at some point.
Jean Grey's return was a three-book event, the third of which was the launch of a new series reuniting the original X-Men for the first time since the 60s.
The conceit of
X-Factor was that the original X-Men, alarmed at the growing state of anti-mutant hysteria, posed as mutant hunters in order to safeguard the innocent from the witch-hunt. Within a few issues, they'd acquired their own team of super-villain nemeses (The Alliance of Evil) and, beginning in the Mutant Massacre, someone who'd prove to be one of mutantdom's biggest bads, Apocalypse.
Although the X-editors would abandon the mutant-hunter cover story in the 2nd year of the book's existence, both the return of Jean Grey and the true identity of the X-Factor team were still a secret at the time of the Mutant Massacre, as evidenced in these dialogue and thought balloons from Wolverine:
The story flowed through four issues of
X-Men, three issues of
X-Factor, two issues of
Thor, and one issue apiece of
New Mutants and
Power Pack. The thing these titles had in common was Louise Simonson either as a writer or an editor. Outside of Chris Claremont himself, no other writer is more responsible for mutant affairs in the 80s than Mrs. Simonson.
I wasn't a particular fan of
New Mutants or
Power Pack at the time, but I was familiar enough with them. (From the late 70s to about 1990 I was pretty much the definition of the Marvel Zombie, so it was standard practice to familiarize myself even with titles I didn't read regularly.) And while the
New Mutants story is probably the weakest of the bunch,
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| - despite this appearance from Magus. (Unrelated to the events of the MM. I just like the character/ set-up.) |
the Power Pack story is surprisingly effective. Juxtaposing actual infants against the killing machines of the Marauders generates some very effective drama
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| Not bad art, either. Jon Bogdanove is underrated. |
and in the case of Cyclops - who spends a lot of time elsewhere thought-ballooning on his own baby and baby-mama drama and jealousy re: Jean's affections - character growth.
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| Awww. Poor Leech. |
The two Thor issues are great. Louise was married to Walt, who was nearing the end of his stellar run on the title, and Thor ended up drawn into the killing sewers via this callback to one of the many memorable
story arcs Simonson brought to the table:
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| i.e. Thor, the Frog of Thunder |
A side note: I will forever be grateful for coming of age in an era that had Claremont on
X-Men, Simonson on
Thor, Miller on
Daredevil and
Batman, and Byrne on
Fantastic Four.
As the name might suggest, the Mutant Massacre served up generous helpings of angst and utlraviolence, twin trends that summarized what fans wanted from their superhero comics in the 80s.
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| Art by Alan Davis. (Spoiler alert: Rogue's not actually dead.) |
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| Art (on X-Men) by the incomparable John Romita, Jr. |
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| Art on X-Factor by Walt Simonson |
The violence of the Marauders was not as shocking as the violence from the superheroes themselves, though, starting with Colossus at the end of the first issue (
X-Men 210).
This definitely shocked me at the time. Like I say, violence was a growing part of the comics landscape over the 80s, but from Colossus? Peter Rasputin, the gentle armored giant? This imbued what the Marauders were up to a sense of urgency and fear that other big events (such as
Secret Wars) or even big deaths (such as in
Crisis) failed to generate in me. (Those last 3 panels could be a
Roy Lichtenstein triptych.)
But it wasn't just Colossus.
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| Cyclops dispatches of Berzerker, who wasn't a Marauder but a Morlock lashing out violently. |
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| Jean kills Prism. (And doing doesn't have much effect on her, either. Perhaps all those deaths and resurrections left Jean with a blasé attitude with regard to both The Great Beyond and dispatching people to it.) |
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| And Thor straight up kills Blockbuster's; death by Mjolnir-to-face. Then again, Thor probably mistook Blockbuster for some kind of Frost Giant, and as we all know, to the son of Odin, every Frost Giant is guilty until proven dead. |
All of this, as shocking as it was to a 12-year-old me, was very much of its time. Again, from the Jacobs/ Jones book:
"Although Claremont kept X-Men within a context of familial devotion
and community, it was surely as clear to him as to anyone at Marvel that
the moments of sheer violence were selling well. Wolverine releasing
his claws with a "snikt!" and a nasty grin, the slimeball muggers about
to jump Storm without knowing her power to rage - they were becoming
every Marvel Zombie's favorite moments, because they promised releases
of pure mayhem."
"Marvel's official position was that no hero ever kills,
but it was a position kept in the drawer until parents complained.
Wolverine's claws slashed deeper and more often, the black-ink blood
splashed more freely, and readers were free to conjecture whether he was
wounding or killing his foes. Most readers preferred the latter."
"Despite some comic relief and some tough-guy talk, the
overpowering seriousness of every character and every scene made X-Men
the purest drug on the comics market, uncut by Stan Lee self-parody or
Frank Miller sophistication. Even the other soap opera masters, like
Marv Wolfman, stopped at the brink of total excess, but total excess was
what hundreds of thousands of fans wanted in the 80s."
The Mutant Massacre was a potent harbinger of things to come, both at Marvel and elsewhere, as huge multiple-title cross-overs became first a yearly event, then a semiannual one, and finally an endless thing, steamrolling over all storylines and continuity in a furious race to one-up the previous one. A tradition that unfortunately continues down to the present day. Event fatigue (and variant cover fatigue) combined to strip-mine the superhero audience altogether in the 90s.
But that was all still to come in 1986. When the Massacre ended in
X-Men 213, readers were left a little perplexed (who the hell was Mister Sinister? Did all the Marauders escape?) shocked (so much death! Shadowcat in permanent (well comics-permanent, i.e. not very) phase! Nightcrawler mortally wounded! Colossus unable to revert from his armored state!) and absolutely riveted. And the groundwork was laid for the
next big-X-event, Fall of the Mutants.
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| Angel would become Archangel, aka "Death," one of Apocalypse's Four Horseman. |
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| Apocalypse can be seen throughout the Massacre on his recruitment drive. |
Other changes: Sabretooth was repositioned from the
Iron Fist villain he'd been originally into more or less a villainous version of Wolverine.
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| There had never been any previous mention of Sabretooth having a healing factor, for example. |
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| He probably would have appreciated knowing he had it in this fight with Luke Cage. |
I'm unsure if the backstory presented in
Origin is still canon or not, but that series did a great job of tying up the Wolverine/ Sabretooth backstory. It came out 11 or 12 years after I stopped reading Marvel regularly, but a friend recommended it to me so I picked it up. And was really impressed. I don't have much nice to say about Marvel after 1990 or so, but here and there (usually with "elseworlds" type stories that rely on the 1960-1990 continuity for foundation like
Earth X or
1602) they remind me why I loved this stuff so much as a kid and teenager.
Another sign of things to come - Psylocke (i.e. Betsy Braddock, brother to Captain Britain, who would soon join Rachel Summers, Kitty Pride, and Nightcrawler in
Excalibur, another by-product of the Massacre) was introduced immediately prior to this storyline, but she came into her own (and joined the X-Men, proper) by its end. Like a lot of Marvel's heroines, though certainly not all, she was introduced as a competent, three-dimensional character with realistic proportions:
and quickly morped into the vampy, cartoonish slut look that came to define the Scarlet Witch, Spider-Woman, Tigra, She-Hulk et al. within only a few years. Unsurprisingly, this masturbational-fantasy version of Psylocke is the one you see at cosplay conventions these days.
Somewhere around the advent of the guys who would eventually form Image, the character models that had been painstakingly developed by John Romita, Sr., Gil Kane, Jack Kirby and other legends, where tossed aside in favor of swiped poses from the Victoria's Secret catalog, girls with slits for eyes and basketballs for chests, and endlessly 'roided-up guys in mid-roar slugging each other in a cacophony of splash pages and "decompression." And the tight and compelling action of the Mutant Massacre was tossed aside for repetitive and transparent gimmicks masquerading as "event storytelling." Bah humbug.
Again, these things existed in the comicsverse before the Image guys became convenient shorthand for this trend Idiocracizing the industry - and of course there have been loads of compelling comics to come out in the years between then and now, but nothing like the tight and wondrous continuity of 1960 to 1990 - but it's both nostalgic and kind of sad to revisit this storyline in 2014. In much the same way the sexual boldness and meta-narrative of something like
Watchmen was copied so widely but oh-so-poorly - often ending up emphasizing the very traits something like
Watchmen so brilliantly deconstructed- the best aspects of Claremont's unprecedented years on the X-books somehow became the diluted, inferior template for all subsequent versions.
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